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Common-gap stability of orthogonal projectors

Abstract

Coercive Sylvester estimates and the common-gap Davis–Kahan projector bound over arbitrary complete real or complex Hilbert spaces.

The scalar k has an RCLike structure, including the real and complex fields. ContinuousLinearMap(k,E,F) denotes bounded continuous k-linear maps from E to F; LinearMap(k,E,F) denotes algebraic k-linear maps. Every norm of a continuous linear map is its operator norm; vector norms are the given Hilbert norms. Inner products use the displayed scalar k, and re takes their real part. All displayed variables and typeclass assumptions are quantified.

For a projectable submodule U, P(U) denotes U.starProjection, the orthogonal projector regarded as a bounded endomorphism of the ambient space. Orthogonal(U) is U’s orthogonal complement. Comp denotes continuous-linear-map composition and agrees with multiplication of endomorphisms; the numeral one denotes the identity endomorphism. Real scalars in k-linear expressions use the canonical RCLike real embedding.

The full projector theorem allows arbitrary dimension, including zero-dimensional and infinite-dimensional ambient spaces, and zero, whole, or coincident subspaces. It assumes no equal-rank, finite-rank, simple-eigenvalue, operator-positivity, nonzero-subspace, or small-perturbation condition. The four quadratic-form bounds use the same real c and positive gap g. These are conditional form estimates; no spectral-measure or spectral-support conversion is asserted.

Theorem 1.1 (norm_le_of_abs_re_inner_map_self_le).

Proof. Machine-checked in Lean as D5/S3/HilbertOperators/DavisKahanProjector.norm_le_of_abs_re_inner_map_self_le (✓ std3). ∎

Citation. Jon Crall, GPT 5.6 High, Claude Fable 5, and Claude Opus 5 (2026). Coercive Sylvester estimates and common-gap Davis–Kahan projector bounds. URL: https://github.com/LeanPool/lean-pool/blob/bbc67ff1e3ac4fc6a969daf42985a0d8f988d0b8/LeanPool/DavisKahan/ForTauCeti/Analysis/InnerProductSpace/BoundedOperator/Projector.lean.

Commentary.

TauCeti.ContinuousLinearMap.norm_le_of_abs_re_inner_map_self_le bounds a symmetric operator by its real quadratic form. Completeness is absent. The private correction-operator estimate norm_opNorm_smul_one_sub_le uses it in the Sylvester absorption argument.

Theorem 1.2 (le_div_of_comp_add_comp_eq_rectangular).

Proof. Machine-checked in Lean as D5/S3/HilbertOperators/DavisKahanProjector.le_div_of_comp_add_comp_eq_rectangular (✓ std3). ∎

Citation. Jon Crall, GPT 5.6 High, Claude Fable 5, and Claude Opus 5 (2026). Coercive Sylvester estimates and common-gap Davis–Kahan projector bounds. URL: https://github.com/LeanPool/lean-pool/blob/bbc67ff1e3ac4fc6a969daf42985a0d8f988d0b8/LeanPool/DavisKahan/ForTauCeti/Analysis/InnerProductSpace/BoundedOperator/Projector.lean.

Commentary.

TauCeti.ContinuousLinearMap.le_div_of_comp_add_comp_eq_rectangular bounds an arbitrary rectangular solution of A composed with X plus X composed with B equals Y. The real-valued functional N is subadditive, exactly homogeneous in the scalar norm, and bounded under left and right multiplication by the operator norm. No definiteness, completeness, equal carrier, or nonzero-solution assumption is imposed. The zero solution is treated separately. Correction operators yield absorption by twice the positive coercivity delta.

Theorem 1.3 (le_div_of_comp_sub_comp_eq_rectangular).

Proof. Machine-checked in Lean as D5/S3/HilbertOperators/DavisKahanProjector.le_div_of_comp_sub_comp_eq_rectangular (✓ std3). ∎

Citation. Jon Crall, GPT 5.6 High, Claude Fable 5, and Claude Opus 5 (2026). Coercive Sylvester estimates and common-gap Davis–Kahan projector bounds. URL: https://github.com/LeanPool/lean-pool/blob/bbc67ff1e3ac4fc6a969daf42985a0d8f988d0b8/LeanPool/DavisKahan/ForTauCeti/Analysis/InnerProductSpace/BoundedOperator/Projector.lean.

Commentary.

TauCeti.ContinuousLinearMap.le_div_of_comp_sub_comp_eq_rectangular applies the preceding estimate after shifting at the midpoint c plus g divided by two. The upper bound for B is c and the lower bound for A is c plus g. All four assumptions on the rectangular functional N remain explicit.

Theorem 1.4 (opNorm_le_div_of_comp_sub_comp_eq).

Proof. Machine-checked in Lean as D5/S3/HilbertOperators/DavisKahanProjector.opNorm_le_div_of_comp_sub_comp_eq (✓ std3). ∎

Citation. Jon Crall, GPT 5.6 High, Claude Fable 5, and Claude Opus 5 (2026). Coercive Sylvester estimates and common-gap Davis–Kahan projector bounds. URL: https://github.com/LeanPool/lean-pool/blob/bbc67ff1e3ac4fc6a969daf42985a0d8f988d0b8/LeanPool/DavisKahan/ForTauCeti/Analysis/InnerProductSpace/BoundedOperator/Projector.lean.

Commentary.

TauCeti.ContinuousLinearMap.opNorm_le_div_of_comp_sub_comp_eq specializes the separated rectangular estimate to the operator norm. The source and target are independently quantified normed inner-product spaces over the same k, without completeness assumptions.

Theorem 1.5 (re_inner_reducedExtension_self).

Proof. Machine-checked in Lean as D5/S3/HilbertOperators/DavisKahanProjector.re_inner_reducedExtension_self (✓ std3). ∎

Citation. Jon Crall, GPT 5.6 High, Claude Fable 5, and Claude Opus 5 (2026). Coercive Sylvester estimates and common-gap Davis–Kahan projector bounds. URL: https://github.com/LeanPool/lean-pool/blob/bbc67ff1e3ac4fc6a969daf42985a0d8f988d0b8/LeanPool/DavisKahan/ForTauCeti/Analysis/InnerProductSpace/BoundedOperator/Projector.lean.

Commentary.

TauCeti.re_inner_reducedExtension_self splits the real quadratic form of a linear map on a projectable invariant subspace and a scalar action on its orthogonal complement. The map R is algebraic, need not be bounded or symmetric, and needs invariance only on W. The private bounded-map version re_inner_bounded_reducedExtension_self applies this identity to the reduced extensions in Submodule.sinTheta_directed_coercive.

Theorem 1.6 (norm_add_eq_max_of_block).

Proof. Machine-checked in Lean as D5/S3/HilbertOperators/DavisKahanProjector.norm_add_eq_max_of_block (✓ std3). ∎

Citation. Jon Crall, GPT 5.6 High, Claude Fable 5, and Claude Opus 5 (2026). Coercive Sylvester estimates and common-gap Davis–Kahan projector bounds. URL: https://github.com/LeanPool/lean-pool/blob/bbc67ff1e3ac4fc6a969daf42985a0d8f988d0b8/LeanPool/DavisKahan/ForTauCeti/Analysis/InnerProductSpace/BoundedOperator/Projector.lean.

Commentary.

ContinuousLinearMap.norm_add_eq_max_of_block gives the exact maximum of the norms of two complementary supported blocks. Its hypotheses include self-adjointness, idempotence, contraction of P and one minus P, and all four left/right support equations. The Pythagorean split controls the upper bound and the support equations recover both lower bounds.

Theorem 1.7 (norm_starProjection_sub_eq_max).

Proof. Machine-checked in Lean as D5/S3/HilbertOperators/DavisKahanProjector.norm_starProjection_sub_eq_max (✓ std3). ∎

Citation. Jon Crall, GPT 5.6 High, Claude Fable 5, and Claude Opus 5 (2026). Coercive Sylvester estimates and common-gap Davis–Kahan projector bounds. URL: https://github.com/LeanPool/lean-pool/blob/bbc67ff1e3ac4fc6a969daf42985a0d8f988d0b8/LeanPool/DavisKahan/ForTauCeti/Analysis/InnerProductSpace/BoundedOperator/Projector.lean.

Commentary.

Submodule.norm_starProjection_sub_eq_max expresses the symmetric projector distance as the maximum of its two directed cross-projection norms. It uses ContinuousLinearMap.norm_add_eq_max_of_block and the C-star norm identities. It requires no rank or nonzero-subspace restriction.

Theorem 1.8 (sinTheta_directed_coercive).

Proof. Machine-checked in Lean as D5/S3/HilbertOperators/DavisKahanProjector.sinTheta_directed_coercive (✓ std3). ∎

Citation. Jon Crall, GPT 5.6 High, Claude Fable 5, and Claude Opus 5 (2026). Coercive Sylvester estimates and common-gap Davis–Kahan projector bounds. URL: https://github.com/LeanPool/lean-pool/blob/bbc67ff1e3ac4fc6a969daf42985a0d8f988d0b8/LeanPool/DavisKahan/ForTauCeti/Analysis/InnerProductSpace/BoundedOperator/Projector.lean.

Commentary.

Submodule.sinTheta_directed_coercive forms reduced extensions on U and V. The two operators preserve their respective subspaces and orthogonal complements. Projection commutation gives a Sylvester equation for the cross projection, and perturbation compression bounds its forcing term by the norm of B minus A. Only the lower form bound on U and the upper form bound on V are required here.

Theorem 1.9 (opNorm_starProjection_sub_le_of_coercive).

Proof. Machine-checked in Lean as D5/S3/HilbertOperators/DavisKahanProjector.opNorm_starProjection_sub_le_of_coercive (✓ std3). ∎

Citation. Jon Crall, GPT 5.6 High, Claude Fable 5, and Claude Opus 5 (2026). Coercive Sylvester estimates and common-gap Davis–Kahan projector bounds. URL: https://github.com/LeanPool/lean-pool/blob/bbc67ff1e3ac4fc6a969daf42985a0d8f988d0b8/LeanPool/DavisKahan/ForTauCeti/Analysis/InnerProductSpace/BoundedOperator/Projector.lean.

Commentary.

Submodule.opNorm_starProjection_sub_le_of_coercive is the common-gap projector theorem. Apply Submodule.sinTheta_directed_coercive to U and the orthogonal complement of W, then to W and the orthogonal complement of U, and combine the two estimates with Submodule.norm_starProjection_sub_eq_max. The constant is one, with denominator g.

References