slug: bai-2007-residual-sum-monotone bibkey: bai2007multipartite doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.76.022336 url: https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0703098v2 triage: theorem motivation_gids:

• D5/S3/Quantum/Entanglement/FourQubitResidualSumMonotoneRefutation.result

Monotonicity of the residual-correlation sum of four qubits

Problem

Y.-K. Bai, D. Yang, Z. D. Wang, Multipartite quantum correlation and entanglement in four-qubit pure states, Phys. Rev. A 76, 022336 (2007), arXiv:quant-ph/0703098v2:

Nevertheless, we conjecture that the correlation $M$ is an entanglement monotone

Here $M={\sum }_k{\tau }_k-2{\sum }_{p>q}{C}_{pq}^2$ (Eq. (7)) for a four-qubit pure state, with the linear entropies ${\tau }_k=2(1-\mathrm{tr}{\rho }_k^2)$ of the one-qubit reduced states and Wootters’ concurrences $C_{pq}=\max (\sqrt{{\lambda }_1}-\sqrt{{\lambda }_2}-\sqrt{{\lambda }_3}-\sqrt{{\lambda }_4},0)$ of the six two-qubit reduced states, ${\lambda }_1\ge \cdots \ge {\lambda }_4$ the eigenvalues of $\rho_{pq}(\sigma_y\otimes\sigma_y)\rho_{pq}^\ast(\sigma_y \otimes\sigma_y)$. An entanglement monotone does not increase on average under LOCC; in particular, for every local instrument $\{K_j\}$ on one qubit, ${\sum }_j{p}_{j}M({\varphi }_j)\le M(\psi )$, where $p_j=\Vert K_j\psi {\Vert }^2$ and ${\varphi }_j=K_j\psi /\sqrt{p_j}$.

Motivation

A monotone $M$ would make $E_{ms}=M/4$ a computable measure of the multipartite entanglement per qubit of four-qubit pure states, and the $N$-qubit analogue $M_N/N$ a measure for $N$ qubits; the paper also proposes to use $E_{ms}$ to rule out LOCC transformations that would increase it. The frozen declaration D5/S3/Quantum/Entanglement/FourQubitResidualSumMonotoneRefutation.result shows that $M$ can increase on average under a two-outcome measurement on one qubit.

Gap

Issue #12466 classifies the conjecture as Tier 1 and records the checks made before any Lean:

• arXiv:quant-ph/0703098 v2 is the latest version and states the conjecture, supported by an argument that two components of $M$ decrease enough to compensate the third and by the average change of $M$ for nine representative states under diagonal POVMs on one qubit;
• Bai–Wang, arXiv:0709.4642v3 (Phys. Rev. A 77, 032313 (2008)), prove the monotonicity for cluster-class states and call the general case open; Bai–Ye–Wang, arXiv:0806.2017v2 (Phys. Rev. A 78, 062325 (2008)), and Park, arXiv:1801.07846v1, keep it as a conjecture;
• the paper’s own counterexamples concern the single residuals $M_k$, which are not monotone, not their sum; Eltschka–Osterloh–Siewert (arXiv:0904.1034) and Bai–Xu–Wang (arXiv:1401.3205) treat different quantities.

These are seat-reported and orchestrator-reported readings, not-found-in-searched-scope; they do not establish exhaustive worldwide novelty.

Route

1. $\psi =(20|0001⟩+2|1000⟩+6|1011⟩+|1110⟩)/21$ and the instrument $K_0=\mathrm{diag}(21/29,0)$, $K_1=\mathrm{diag}(20/29,1)$ on qubit $A$, with $K_0^{†}{K}_0+K_1^{†}{K}_1=I$. Then $p_0=400/841$ with ${\varphi }_0=|0001⟩$, and $p_1=441/841$ with ${\varphi }_1=(400|0001⟩+58|1000⟩+174|1011⟩+29|1110⟩)/441$.
2. Every two-qubit reduced state of $\psi$, ${\varphi }_0$ and ${\varphi }_1$ is a real X matrix: diagonal $u,v,r,s$ in the basis $00,01,10,11$, an entry $w$ between $00$ and $11$ and an entry $z$ between $01$ and $10$. For such a matrix, $\rho ({\sigma }_y\otimes {\sigma }_y){\rho }^{\ast }({\sigma }_y\otimes {\sigma }_y)$ has characteristic polynomial $(X^2-2(us+w^2)X+(us-w^2{)}^2)(X^2-2(vr+z^2)X+(vr-z^2{)}^2)$, hence eigenvalues $(\sqrt{us}\pm |w|{)}^2$ and $(\sqrt{vr}\pm |z|{)}^2$; sorting them gives the concurrence $2|w|$, $2|z|$ or $0$ in the cases that occur.
3. The concurrences of the pairs $AB,AC,AD,BC,BD,CD$ are $(0,240,80,4,12,0)/441$ for $\psi$, $(0,139200,46400,3364,10092,0)/194481$ for ${\varphi }_1$, and $0$ for ${\varphi }_0$; with the one-qubit linear entropies, $M(\psi )=7552/194481$, $M({\varphi }_0)=0$ and $M({\varphi }_1)=2967747712/37822859361$.
4. $p_{0}M({\varphi }_0)+p_{1}M({\varphi }_1)=3528832/85766121$ exceeds $M(\psi )=7552/194481$ by $198400/85766121$.

Falsifier

The kernel-checked result is the negation of the statement that for every four-qubit vector $\psi$ with ${\sum }_w|\psi (w){|}^2=1$ and every finite family $K_0,\dots ,K_{n-1}$ of $2\times 2$ complex matrices with ${\sum }_j{K}_j^{†}{K}_j=I$, acting on qubit $A$, the sum over $j$ of $p_{j}M({\varphi }_j)$ (omitting the outcomes with $p_j=0$) is at most $M(\psi )$. The reduced states are the frozen PurityTimeReversalOverlapMinimum.reducedState, $({\sigma }_y\otimes {\sigma }_y){\rho }^{\ast }({\sigma }_y\otimes {\sigma }_y)$ is the frozen timeReversed on the pair, and $K_j$ acts on qubit $A$ as the frozen StabilizerPairLocalUnitaryInequivalence.localOp 0 (K j); the eigenvalues are the real parts of the roots, with multiplicity, of the characteristic polynomial, sorted decreasingly, and $\mathrm{tr}{\rho }_k^2$ enters through its real part. For density matrices these agree with the paper’s quantities, since ${\rho }_k^2$ has real trace and $\rho(\sigma_y\otimes\sigma_y)\rho^\ast (\sigma_y\otimes\sigma_y)$ has nonnegative real eigenvalues; inside the proof of result the roots are computed exactly for the three states used. A local instrument on one qubit is a one-step LOCC protocol, so the failure refutes the conjecture.

Evidence

Exact recomputation (SymPy, issue #12466): the partial traces, the products $\rho ({\sigma }_y\otimes {\sigma }_y){\rho }^{\ast }({\sigma }_y\otimes {\sigma }_y)$, their eigenvalues, the concurrences, the linear entropies, $M$ and the averages above; the literature seat recomputed a first counterexample of the same family independently.

The canonical source is D5/S3/Quantum/Entanglement/FourQubitResidualSumMonotoneRefutation.lean. Its public declarations are linearEntropy, concurrence, residualSum, claim, psi, instrument, the coordinate equivalences pairEquiv, outEquiv, singleEquiv, out3Equiv and fourEquiv, and result; the partial traces and the time reversal are frozen in D5/S3/Quantum/Entanglement/PurityTimeReversalOverlapMinimum, the partial trace over the second factor in D5/S3/Quantum/Information/PartialTraceMutualInformation, and the single-qubit operator localOp in D5/S3/Quantum/Information/StabilizerPairLocalUnitaryInequivalence. The frozen module state has statement identity sha256:e7efbd1d60f0205eef68cba24dd2ef797a820ce4f439f21f7bc4166b3b7eafa9. The result declaration has statement identity sha256:348ca75622d24ba1be6771830ba3706601aa14f655a8a0c927034b382b3f3877. The Freeze event is sha256:007f4fa49ea439d0209925a10013eaab4e3031f64359294fd60ae5ebdb0a4d10; its project-level frozen prerequisites are the Freeze events of D5/S3/Quantum/Entanglement/PurityTimeReversalOverlapMinimum and D5/S3/Quantum/Information/StabilizerPairLocalUnitaryInequivalence. The proof uses only the standard axioms propext, Classical.choice and Quot.sound; no sorry, native_decide, or new axiom.

Triage

Tier 1 conjecture of a 2007 journal article; resolution Refuted by D5/S3/Quantum/Entanglement/FourQubitResidualSumMonotoneRefutation.result. proof_shape: bind-only (the settlement of the named conjecture is the new content; no escape witness); admission_basis: open-problem-resolution (issue #12466). Utility kind certified-instance, basis refutes the module’s claim.

What the settlement shows

• Proved by result: the conjecture fails: some normalized four-qubit state and some complete instrument on qubit $A$ raise the average of $M$.
• Proved inside the proof of result, for these states only: the witness is the four-term state $\psi$ with the two-outcome diagonal measurement $K_0=\mathrm{diag}(21/29,0)$, $K_1=\mathrm{diag}(20/29,1)$ on qubit $A$; the values of the four linear entropies and the six concurrences of $\psi$, ${\varphi }_0$ and ${\varphi }_1$, and $M(\psi )$, $M({\varphi }_0)$, $M({\varphi }_1)$, so that the average of $M$ increases by $198400/85766121$.
• Computed, not stated in Lean (orchestrator, exact): along the paper’s decomposition $M={\xi }_1+{\xi }_2+{\xi }_3$ for a POVM on qubit $A$, the average changes are $-65600/85766121$ for ${\xi }_1=M_A$, $-2360000/85766121$ for ${\xi }_2={\tau }_B+{\tau }_C+{\tau }_D-2(C_{BC}^2+C_{BD}^2+C_{CD}^2)$, and $+2624000/85766121$ for ${\xi }_3=-C_{AB}^2-C_{AC}^2-C_{AD}^2$; the decrease of ${\xi }_1$ and ${\xi }_2$ does not compensate the increase of ${\xi }_3$. Of the single residuals, $M_A$ and $M_B$ decrease and $M_C$, $M_D$ increase on average.
• Computed, not stated in Lean (orchestrator, floating point with a tolerance of $10^{-9}$): for the same state and the diagonal POVMs $\mathrm{diag}(\alpha ,\beta )$, $\mathrm{diag}(\sqrt{1-{\alpha }^2},\sqrt{1-{\beta }^2})$ on qubit $A$ with $\alpha ,\beta$ on the paper’s grid $\{0.05,0.06,\dots ,0.95\}$, the average of $M$ increases at 7424 of the 8281 grid points, decreases at 766 and is unchanged at the 91 points $\alpha =\beta$, where both Kraus operators are multiples of the identity and both outcomes equal $\psi$ (largest increase about $0.0054$, at $\alpha =0.91$, $\beta =0.05$); the increase is not an effect of the boundary value $\beta =0$.
• Mechanism (orchestrator, exact; not stated in Lean): the outcome $K_0$ collapses $\psi$ to the product state $|0001⟩$, with probability $400/841$ and $M=0$, while the other outcome roughly doubles $M$: $M({\varphi }_1)/M(\psi )=23185529/11474379\approx 2.021$, which exceeds $1/p_1=841/441\approx 1.907$.
• Follows from it (orchestrator argument, not stated in Lean): appending $N-4$ qubits in the state $|0⟩$ leaves every one-qubit entropy and every two-qubit concurrence among the first four qubits unchanged and adds only zero terms, and the measurement on qubit $A$ keeps the product form; so the $N$-qubit sum $M_N={\sum }_k{\tau }_k-2{\sum }_{i>j}{C}_{ij}^2$ of Eq. (9) is not an entanglement monotone for any $N\ge 4$.
• Effect on the paper’s other conclusions (checked by reading the v2 source):
  • Refuted: the conjecture that $M$ is an entanglement monotone (l. 374–375, restated in l. 453–456), the compensation argument behind it (l. 376–390), the proposal of $E_{ms}=M/4$ as a monotone measure of the multipartite entanglement per qubit (l. 458–465, l. 564–568), and the conjectured monotonicity of $M_N$ for $N$ qubits (l. 524–528).
  • Needs another justification: the use of $E_{ms}$ to rule out an LOCC transformation whenever $E_{ms}$ increases (l. 499–506) is conditional on the monotonicity and has no basis in general.
  • Unaffected: the definition of $M$, its nonnegativity (from the Osborne–Verstraete monogamy inequality) and its LU invariance (l. 367–369); Eq. (6), the average decrease of $M_A$ under a POVM on qubit $A$ (here $M_A$ decreases); the conclusion that the single residuals $M_k$ are not monotones (here $M_C$ and $M_D$ increase); the analysis of the three- and four-qubit correlations $t_3$ and $t_4$ (l. 308–358); and the values of $\Delta M$ for the nine representative states in Fig. 2, which are numerical observations on those states.
• Open here: the largest natural class of four-qubit states on which $M$ does not increase on average under local instruments (Bai–Wang 2008 prove it for the cluster-class states), and whether $M$ is monotone on the nine representative families of the paper for all of their parameters.

ASSUMED-UNVERIFIED

The literature checks do not establish worldwide priority, and a complete forward-citation graph was not obtained; the citing-work readings are seat-reported. The Lean kernel verifies the encoded statement and its axiom closure; its correspondence to the paper, including the restriction to local instruments on qubit $A$ and the reading of the eigenvalues as the sorted roots of the characteristic polynomial, is checked by reading the source and the definitions.