Metadata

slug: bao-wang-qiu-2022-elliptic-tail-exponent
bibkey: baowangqiu2022ellipticparameter
doi: 10.7153/mia-2022-25-64
triage: theorem
motivation_gids:
  - D5/S3/Analytic/EllipticTailExponent/Result.result
url: https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.13993

The supremum of the elliptic remainder parameter exponent

Problem

Bao, Wang and Qiu, Monotonicity properties of the generalized elliptic integrals with respect to the parameter, arXiv:2112.13993v1, Open problem 3.5:

(2) What is the value of λ̄₁₀ in Lemma 3.2 (4) for n ∈ ℕ?

Lemma 3.2(4) states:

Let λ̄₁₀ = sup_{a∈(0,1/2]} {λ₁₀(a)} for n ∈ ℕ₀. Then λ̄₁₀ = 2 if n = 0.

Equation (3.2), specialized to $c = 1$ , gives

$g_{6, k} (a) = a (a)_{k} (1 - a)_{k}, (a)_{k} = j = 0 \prod k - 1 (a + j) .$

Write $S_{n} (a) = \sum_{k = 0}^{n} g_{6, k} (a) / ((k + 1) (k!)^{2})$ . Equation (3.6) is

$λ_{10} (a) = \frac{a}{1 - a} \frac{sin ( πa ) + π ( 1 - a ) cos ( πa ) - π ( 1 - a ) ^{2} \sum _{k = 0}^{n} \frac{g _{6, k}^{'} ( a )}{( k + 1 ) ( k ! ) ^{2}}}{sin ( πa ) - π ( 1 - a ) \sum _{k = 0}^{n} \frac{g _{6, k} ( a )}{( k + 1 ) ( k ! ) ^{2}}} .$

Formal reading

All Lean names below have prefix D5.S3.Analytic.EllipticTailExponent.

Source object	Lean name	Correspondence
$g_{6, k} (a)$	`Defs.g6`	Exactly $a (a)_{k} (1 - a)_{k}$ , with empty products equal to one.
$S_{n} (a)$	`Defs.S`	The finite sum through index $n$ , inclusive; `deriv (S n)` is its real derivative.
$λ_{10} (a)$ in (3.6)	`Defs.lambda10 n a`	The same trigonometric quotient, with truncation order explicit.
$a \in (0, 1/2]$	`Set.Ioc 0 (1 / 2)`	The left endpoint is excluded and the right endpoint included.
$\overset{ˉ}{λ}_{10} = 2$ for all $n \in N_{0}$	`Defs.claim`, `Result.result`	`IsLUB (lambda10 n '' Set.Ioc 0 (1 / 2)) 2` for every `n : ℕ`, including zero.
Positive denominator and strict upper bound	`Result.denominator_pos`, `Result.lambda10_lt_two`	Both hold at every point of the stated interval.
Limit at zero from the right	`Result.tendsto_lambda10`	`Tendsto (lambda10 n) (𝓝[>] 0) (𝓝 2)` for each natural $n$ .

Motivation

The settling declaration is D5/S3/Analytic/EllipticTailExponent/Result.result. The source note is D5/L/Asymptotics/baowangqiu2022ellipticparameter. The exponent controls the upper parameter threshold for the generalized elliptic remainder in Theorem 3.1(2).

Gap

Status: Proved for every natural truncation order, including zero. The exponent is defined by the source quotient, whose denominator is strictly positive on $(0, 1/2]$ . Its supremum is two and is not attained. Open problem 3.5(1), concerning $λ_{3}^{*}$ , is a separate question.

Route

Put $d_{k} = (a)_{k} (1 - a)_{k} / (k!)^{2}$ and $t_{k} = a d_{k} / (k + 1)$ . The recurrence

$(k + 1) d_{k + 1} - k d_{k} = (1 - a) t_{k}$

telescopes. The endpoint coefficient has the finite-product expression

$(N + 1) d_{N + 1} = a (1 - \frac{a}{N + 1}) j = 1 \prod N (1 - \frac{a ^{2}}{j ^{2}}) ⟶ \frac{sin ( πa )}{π} .$

Euler’s sine product therefore identifies

$R_{n} (a) = \frac{sin ( πa )}{π ( 1 - a )} - S_{n} (a) = k > n \sum t_{k} (a) = a^{2} U_{n} (a),$

where

$b_{k} (a) = \frac{1 - a / k}{k ( k + 1 )} 1 \leq j < k \prod (1 - \frac{a ^{2}}{j ^{2}}), U_{n} (a) = k > n \sum b_{k} (a) .$

For $k \geq 1$ and $0 \leq a \leq 3/4$ , the coefficients satisfy $0 < b_{k} (a) \leq 1/ (k (k + 1))$ , $b_{k}^{'} (a) < 0$ and $∣ b_{k}^{'} (a) ∣ \leq 4/ (k (k + 1))$ . These summable majorants justify continuity through zero and differentiation on $(0, 3/4)$ . Thus $U_{n} > 0$ , $U_{n}^{'} < 0$ and $U_{n} (0) = 1/ (n + 1)$ . The derivative identity within $(0, 1/2]$ includes the right endpoint and gives

$λ_{10} (a) = \frac{a R _{n}^{'} ( a )}{R _{n} ( a )} = 2 + \frac{a U _{n}^{'} ( a )}{U _{n} ( a )} < 2.$

The uniform bound on $U_{n}^{'}$ and the positive limit of $U_{n}$ give $λ_{10} (a) \to 2$ as $a \to 0^{+}$ , proving the least-upper-bound claim.

Falsifier

A natural $n$ and $a \in (0, 1/2]$ with nonpositive source denominator or $λ_{10} (a) \geq 2$ would contradict the corresponding strict result. A natural $n$ and an upper bound strictly below two for all such $a$ would contradict the least-upper-bound claim. The endpoint $a = 1/2$ and the truncation $n = 0$ are included.

Evidence

D5/S3/Analytic/EllipticTailExponent/Result.result proves exactly Defs.claim without additional hypotheses. Its principal dependencies are Result.lambda10_lt_two and Result.tendsto_lambda10, using Result.lambda10_eq, Result.denominator_pos, Tail.d_product, Tail.tail_eq_tsum, Bounds.deriv_b_bounds, Bounds.hasDerivAt_U, Bounds.U_pos, Bounds.deriv_U_neg, Bounds.continuousOn_U, Bounds.U_zero and Bounds.norm_deriv_U_le. Euler’s sine product is Real.tendsto_euler_sin_prod; differentiation of the infinite sum uses hasDerivAt_tsum_of_isPreconnected. The axiom closure of Result.result is {propext, Classical.choice, Quot.sound}.

The proof route was derived with the assistance of the ChatGPT Pro model. The source settles $n = 0$ by trigonometric estimates and states in Remark 3.4 that the general value is hard to compute. Wen–Ma treat the $K_{a} - E_{a}$ remainder of Theorem 3.1(1), a different quantity; Bao–Wang–Zhang, DOI 10.1007/s13398-022-01258-w, treat a different parameter dependence. No answer to Open problem 3.5(2) was found in the searched scope of these works and the authors, title and exponent. This scope does not establish exhaustive literature coverage or priority.

Triage

PROVED. For every $n \geq 0$ , $λ_{10} (a) < 2$ on $(0, 1/2]$ (Result.lambda10_lt_two) and $λ_{10} (a) \to 2$ as $a \to 0^{+}$ (Result.tendsto_lambda10); hence $\overset{ˉ}{λ}_{10} = 2$ (Result.result). The source denominator is positive (Result.denominator_pos).
PROVED. The identity $sin (πa) / (π (1 - a)) - S_{n} (a) = \sum_{k > n} t_{k} (a)$ is Tail.tail_eq_tsum, through the telescoping coefficient recurrence and the finite Euler product Tail.d_product.
PROVED in prose. The map $λ_{10}$ sends $(0, 1/2]$ onto $[1, 2)$ and $λ_{10} (1/2) = 1$ . For each $k \geq 1$ , $\frac{a t _{k}^{'} ( a )}{t _{k} ( a )} = 1 + a j = 0 \sum k - 1 (\frac{1}{a + j} - \frac{1}{1 - a + j}) \geq 1,$ with equality precisely at $a = 1/2$ . The exponent of a positive tail is the weighted average of these logarithmic derivatives, so it is greater than one in the interior and equals one at the endpoint. Continuity and the limit two give the entire stated range. The same argument applies to any nonnegative weights $w_{k}$ on positive indices with $0 < \sum_{k \geq 1} w_{k} / (k (k + 1)) < \infty$ : the majorants multiplied by $w_{k}$ justify the derivative, endpoint and limiting arguments for $\sum w_{k} t_{k}$ . Consequently the monotonicity thresholds of Theorem 3.1(2) are exactly one and two for every $n$ and every $r \in (0, 1)$ . The range, weighted extension and threshold consequence are not asserted as Lean theorems here.
COMPUTED. In double precision, at $a = 0.01, 0.05, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5$ , respectively, $λ_{10}$ equals $1.99338, 1.96336, 1.79268, 1.36181, 1.0$ for $n = 0$ , and $1.99683, 1.97882, 1.83089, 1.38598, 1.0$ for $n = 1$ .
OPEN. The value $λ_{3}^{*}$ of Open problem 3.5(1).

ASSUMED-UNVERIFIED

Exhaustive literature coverage, citation-index completeness and priority are unverified. The bounded literature scope does not imply that no other settlement exists.

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