slug: cepollaro-2025-power-of-two-zero-magic-gap bibkey: cepollaro2025stabilizer doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2512.23013 url: https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.23013v1 triage: theorem motivation_gids:

• D5/S3/Quantum/Magic/CepollaroPowerOfTwoZeroMagicGap.result

Zero-magic-gap three-dimensional subspaces in every power-of-two dimension

Problem

S. Cepollaro, G. Cuffaro, M. B. Weiss, S. Cusumano, A. Hamma and S. Lloyd, Stabilizer Entropy of Subspaces, arXiv:2512.23013v1, define the average stabilizer entropy gap of an isometry $\mathcal{E}:{\mathbb{C}}^{d_S}\to {\mathbb{C}}^{d_B}$ as the Haar average over pure states of the difference between the linear stabilizer entropy of $\mathcal{E}(\psi )$ for the single-qudit Weyl–Heisenberg group of ${\mathbb{C}}^{d_B}$ and that of $\psi$ for the group of ${\mathbb{C}}^{d_S}$, and write it in closed form as $\Delta M(\mathcal{E})=d_S\mathrm{tr}(Q_S{\mathcal{A}}_4^S)-d_B\mathrm{tr}(Q_B{\mathcal{E}}^{\otimes 4}({\mathcal{A}}_4^S))$. In §V.A they report from numerical optimization that “when $d_B$ is a power of 2, a zero ASE subspace of dimension three is always achievable”, and in their conclusion that “it is unclear why” this happens. The verbatim definitions and statements are in the literature note.

Issue #13822 reads a three-dimensional subspace as the image of an isometry $V:{\mathbb{C}}^3\to {\mathbb{C}}^{d_B}$ and the Haar fourth moment in the paper’s closed form ${\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{6}{4}\right)}^{-1}\frac{1}{24}{\sum }_{\sigma \in S_4}{T}_{\sigma }$.

Motivation

The ASE gap measures the extra nonstabilizerness that an encoding into a larger system costs on average. The paper proves zero or negative gap for stabilizer codespaces, which cannot have dimension three inside ${\mathbb{C}}^{2^m}$, and leaves the power-of-two family unexplained. D5/S3/Quantum/Magic/CepollaroPowerOfTwoZeroMagicGap.result proves the family for every $m\ge 2$, and its proof gives the mechanism.

Gap

Issue #13822 records the literature check before any Lean: arXiv lists only v1; web searches for the title, “zero ASE gap”, “average magic gap” and “power of 2” return the paper and related stabilizer-entropy work but no proof; Zenodo phrase searches return no record; the repository had no result on the ASE gap. not-found-in-searched-scope.

Route

Let $d_B=4r$ and $V=W{V}_4$ with $W|k⟩=|kr⟩$ from ${\mathbb{C}}^4$ to ${\mathbb{C}}^{4r}$ and $V_4{e}_1=|1⟩$, $V_4{e}_2=|3⟩$, $V_4{e}_3=(|0⟩-|2⟩)/\sqrt{2}$, so the subspace is $\mathrm{span}\{|r⟩,|3r⟩,(|0⟩-|2r⟩)/\sqrt{2}\}$.

1. Compression. $\mathrm{tr}(Q{V}^{\otimes 4}{\mathcal{A}}_4{V}^{†\otimes 4})=d^{-2}{\sum }_{\mathbf{a}}\mathrm{tr}((A_{\mathbf{a}}\otimes A_{\mathbf{a}}^{†}\otimes A_{\mathbf{a}}\otimes A_{\mathbf{a}}^{†}){\mathcal{A}}_4)$ with $A_{\mathbf{a}}=V^{†}{D}_{\mathbf{a}}V$, and the phases ${\tau }^{a_1{a}_2}$ cancel.
2. Subgroup reduction. $W^{†}{X}^a{Z}^{b}W=0$ unless $r\mid a$, and $W^{†}{X}^{ur}{Z}^{b}W=X_4^u{Z}_4^{b\mathrm{mod}4}$; each residue of $b$ has $r$ lifts, so the extrinsic term of $WU$ equals that of $U$ for every $U:{\mathbb{C}}^3\to {\mathbb{C}}^4$.
3. Fourth moments. $\mathrm{tr}((A\otimes A^{†}\otimes A\otimes A^{†})T_{\sigma })$ is a product of traces over the cycles of $\sigma$. For the sixteen $V_4^{†}{X}_4^u{Z}_4^v{V}_4$ the moments are $1$ once, $1/5$ three times and $1/15$ twelve times, so the extrinsic term is $\frac{1}{4}(1+\frac{3}{5}+\frac{12}{15})=\frac{3}{5}$; for the nine qutrit operators they are $1$ once and $1/10$ eight times, so the intrinsic term is $\frac{1}{3}(1+\frac{8}{10})=\frac{3}{5}$.
4. $2^m=4\cdot 2^{m-2}$ for $m\ge 2$.

Falsifier

The settlement would fail under a normalization of $Q$ or of the fourth moment different from the paper’s closed forms, or if the paper’s ASE gap were meant for a subspace treated as $m$ qubits; §V.A states the observation “if the overall system is treated as a qudit”.

Evidence

The canonical source is D5/S3/Quantum/Magic/CepollaroPowerOfTwoZeroMagicGap.lean. Its public declarations are tau, paperDisplacement, power4, alt, T, Q, A4, score, aseGap, claim and result. It reuses the frozen shift, clock and root of unity of D5/S3/Observer/WindowRegister (shiftMatrix, clockMatrix, windowRoot), the frozen Weyl displacement words and their laws of D5/S3/Quantum/Algebra/WeylDisplacement* and WeylPhaseArithmetic, and the frozen fourfold product productMap of D5/S3/Quantum/Recovery/PurifiedLocalPath; it imports D5.S3.Quantum.Recovery.PurifiedLocalPath, D5.S3.Quantum.Algebra.WeylDisplacementTrace and D5.S3.Quantum.Algebra.WeylDisplacementPowers. The qudit space is indexed by ZMod d. The axiom closure of result is exactly propext, Classical.choice and Quot.sound; there is no sorry, native_decide, or new axiom. The module statement is sha256:8f9ead647b3f781c754d4fbb980c859963f522e0559270f764171d4fc29eb0ac, the result statement sha256:e29d0703a6ca13d191f857cd2e0037d9f43c170f9a85ad5afa828b50844db2de and the claim statement sha256:abf425867cb43678f35693d893580ed4cff32c95c77245cb5d382a135cc33645. The Freeze event is sha256:64f465f55b52a7fc1dc609c8ccff284a0525809915df6e2f45f4347838b5d886; its project-level prerequisites are the three frozen modules it imports.

Triage

Tier 1 observation of a December 2025 paper, preregistered in issue #13822 before any Lean. theorem; resolution proved.

The private theorems (tau_unit, displacement_entry, product4_mul, product4_adjoint, perm_trace, pair_cycle_sum, moment_formula, alt_phase, compressed_trace, score_weyl, W_isometry, windowRoot_restrict, subgroup_compression, lift_sums, score_lift, lift_solution, power_two_factor) are bind-only and are used on the proof path of result (CLAUDE.md §3.2 「有消费的辅助声明」). Utility is none: every theorem of the module has a free dimension, matrix, function or exponent parameter, and the fixed scalar identities, the isometry check of $V_4$, the two moment tables and the two base values are local steps in the proof of lift_solution, which is general in $r$. There is no digestion atom.

What the settlement shows

Proved by result: for every $m\ge 2$ some isometry $V:{\mathbb{C}}^3\to {\mathbb{C}}^{2^m}$ has zero ASE gap.

Established inside the proof. The private lift_solution proves zero gap for the subspace $\mathrm{span}\{|r⟩,|3r⟩,(|0⟩-|2r⟩)/\sqrt{2}\}$ of ${\mathbb{C}}^{4r}$ for every $r\ge 1$, that is, for every $d_B$ divisible by four; result applies it with $r=2^{m-2}$. The extrinsic term of $WU$ equals that of $U$ for every $U:{\mathbb{C}}^3\to {\mathbb{C}}^4$ and every $r\ge 1$ (score_lift). The qutrit intrinsic term and the extrinsic term of the ququart subspace $\mathrm{span}\{|1⟩,|3⟩,(|0⟩-|2⟩)/\sqrt{2}\}$ are both $3/5$ (local steps of lift_solution).

Argued, not formalized.

• Mechanism. The reduction of step 2 holds for every $k$: if $U:{\mathbb{C}}^{d_S}\to {\mathbb{C}}^k$ and $W|j⟩=|jr⟩$ from ${\mathbb{C}}^k$ to ${\mathbb{C}}^{kr}$, then $W^{†}{X}^{ur}{Z}^{b}W=X_k^u{Z}_k^{b\mathrm{mod}k}$, other shifts compress to zero, and $kr\cdot (kr{)}^{-2}\cdot r=k\cdot k^{-2}$, so the extrinsic term of $WU$ equals that of $U$. Zero-gap subspaces therefore propagate from ${\mathbb{C}}^k$ to every ${\mathbb{C}}^{kr}$. The power-of-two family is the propagation of one zero-gap subspace of the ququart; taking $k=d_S$ and $U$ the identity explains the paper’s other observation, zero gap “when $d_S$ is a factor of $d_B$”.
• Values. With the control subspace $\mathrm{span}\{|0⟩,|1⟩,|2⟩\}$ the gap is $1/15$ for $d_B=4$ and $2/15$ for $d_B=6,8,10,12,16$ (floating-point evaluation of the closed form recorded in #13822), so zero gap depends on the choice of subspace.

Open. Whether a zero-gap three-dimensional subspace exists for $d_B$ divisible by neither 3 nor 4 (for example $d_B=5,7,10,11,13,14$) is not determined here.

Effect on the paper. The power-of-two observation of §V.A holds, and the mechanism the conclusion asks for is the subgroup embedding of a ququart zero-gap subspace.

ASSUMED-UNVERIFIED

The bounded literature check does not establish exhaustive worldwide novelty, priority, or the absence of an independent proof.