slug: kalmykov-karp-2018-qgamma-turanian-function
bibkey: kalmykovkarp2018qgamma
doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2017.11.041
triage: theorem
motivation_gids:
  - D5/S3/Analytic/QGammaTuran/FunctionResult.result
url: https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.03788

Refutation of reciprocal q-gamma function positivity

Problem

S. I. Kalmykov and D. B. Karp, Inequalities for series in q-shifted factorials and q-gamma functions, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 460 (2018), 332–351, DOI 10.1016/j.jmaa.2017.11.041, arXiv:1702.03788v1, Conjecture 1, printed p. 12:

All conclusions of Theorem 3 are valid for all α > 0, while conditions on other parameters remain intact. In particular, µ → g(µ; x) is log-concave for each fixed 0 < x < Rg.

Theorem 3, printed p. 11:

For a real sequence {gₙ}ₙ≥₀ and fixed 0 < q < 1 define

$g(\mu ;x)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\frac{g_n{x}^n}{{\Gamma }_q(\mu +n)}.$ (16)

Suppose {gₙ}∞ₙ₌₀ is doubly positive. Then (16) has a positive radius of convergence Rg and the generalized Turánian

${\Delta }_g(\alpha ,\beta ;x)=g(\mu +\alpha ;x)g(\mu +\beta ;x)-g(\mu ;x)g(\mu +\alpha +\beta ;x)$

is positive for 0 < x < Rg if α ∈ N, β > 0 and µ ≥ max(−β, −1). If, in addition, α ≤ β + 1, then Δg(α, β; x) has positive power series coefficients at all powers of x.

Equation (6), printed p. 4:

The q-gamma function is defined by

${\Gamma }_q(z)=(1-q{)}^{1-z}\frac{(q;q{)}_{\infty }}{(q^z;q{)}_{\infty }}$ (6)

for |q| < 1 and all complex z such that qᶻ⁺ᵏ ≠ 1 for k ∈ N₀.

The reciprocal is extended by zero at nonpositive integers. Doubly positive means nontrivial, nonnegative, log-concave and without internal zeros, as on printed p. 3. The function assertion has no $\alpha \le \beta +1$ restriction.

Formal reading

The names below belong to D5.S3.Analytic.QGammaTuran.FunctionResult, except for the reused reciprocal and sequence condition.

The radius is taken for series (16) at the theorem’s given $\mu$. As the source states on printed p. 12, “Writing Rg > 0 for the radius of convergence in (16), we claim that the next conjecture is true.” Mathlib’s FormalMultilinearSeries.ofScalars represents its coefficient sequence, and FormalMultilinearSeries.radius supplies the standard extended nonnegative radius. For this scalar series the coefficient-map norm is exactly the absolute value of the coefficient.

At the example, absolute summability at $x=3/2$ gives $3/2\le R_g$. Thus $0<93/100<3/2\le R_g$, so the refutation holds strictly inside the disk of convergence of (16). The same geometric comparison proves summability of all four shifted series at $x=93/100$.

Motivation

The settling declaration is D5/S3/Analytic/QGammaTuran/FunctionResult.result. The source note is D5/L/Asymptotics/kalmykovkarp2018qgamma. A negative power-series coefficient alone need not produce a negative function value. This assertion concerns the convergent function itself.

Gap

PROVED (D5.S3.Analytic.QGammaTuran.FunctionResult.result): the function clause is false. The example is $g_n=1$, $q=(93/100{)}^{10}$, $\mu =-7/10$, $\alpha =3/10$, $\beta =7/10$, $x=93/100$. The boundary equality $\mu =\max (-\beta ,-1)$ is permitted, and $\alpha$ is positive and nonintegral. Log-concavity restricted to nonnegative parameters $\mu$ remains OPEN.

Route

Put $P(a)=(a;q{)}_{\infty }$, $y=x(1-q)$ and

$$H(a,y)=\sum _{n\ge 0}{y}^{n}P(a{q}^n).$$

The reciprocal-product formula gives

$$g(s;x)=\frac{H(q^s,y)}{P(q)(1-q{)}^{1-s}}.$$

All terms after index zero are nonnegative when $s\ge -1$, and their magnitudes are bounded geometrically for $0\le y<1$. For $0\le a\le 1$,

$$\prod _{j<N}(1-a{q}^j)\left(1-\frac{a{q}^N}{1-q}\right)\le P(a)\le \prod _{j<N}(1-a{q}^j).$$

The first ten normalized series terms use these bounds with six product factors each. The remaining series is at most $y^{10}/(1-y)$. Separating the first term gives $H(a,y)=P(a)+yH(aq,y)$, and $P(a)=(1-a)P(aq)$. Thus the positive-parameter estimates at $a=r^3,r^6,r^{10}$, $r=93/100$, also bound the negative shifts and the pole at zero. The normalized products obey

$$H(r^{-4},y)H(1,y)\le 0.151552931931<0.151590196222\le H(r^{-7},y)H(r^3,y).$$

Both original products have the same positive denominator $P(q{)}^2(1-q{)}^{12/5}$. Their difference is strictly negative.

Falsifier

One admissible sequence and permitted parameter choice with a nonpositive function value contradict the universal strict positivity assertion. The displayed value is strictly negative. An error in the normalization, convergence argument or finite rational bounds would invalidate this refutation without proving the source assertion.

Evidence

PROVED: D5.S3.Analytic.QGammaTuran.FunctionResult.result has the closed type ¬ claim. The proof reuses Result.qprod and Result.rqgamma (definitions), D5.S3.Analytic.ReciprocalGammaTuran.Defs.admissible_one, and D5.S3.Factorization.JordanCototientRecordLimitInfinity.one_sub_prod_le_sum. Here Result denotes D5.S3.Analytic.QGammaTuran.Result. FunctionResult’s private helpers derive the product estimates and the reciprocal-product identity from these declarations and pinned Mathlib.

COMPUTED: the immutable q-gamma experiment directory contains both scripts below.

• python3 kk-qgamma-fcert.py 93, exit code 0; SHA-256 45cddfed518e203d4996d02d1741ba41477a092cd94094cf7fb6b9cddb11c2c1. Rational intervals are rounded outward to multiples of $2^{-160}$; interval products use all four endpoint products. The script bounds each infinite product with 120 factors and a geometric tail loss, propagates term intervals through 160 recurrence steps, and bounds the remaining series by a geometric tail using its eventual sign. At $x=93/100$, the two normalized product enclosures print as $[0.149311098,0.149311098]$ and $[0.152952715,0.152952715]$. The exact rational endpoint comparison prints certified Delta < 0: True. The printed decimals are rounded displays of intervals of positive width, separate from the Lean bounds above.
• python3 kk-qgamma-function-scan.py 0.5 0.9, exit code 0; SHA-256 3d2381f0242f497f18515986fd86626b5a8731ba0d1bd36a916576da18a25937. The scan uses 25 decimal digits, the six parameter triples in the script and $x=Rk/60$ for $1\le k\le 59$, where $R=1/(1-q)$. At $q=0.5$ and $(-0.7,0.3,0.7)$ it finds relative Turanian approximately $-0.013036$ at $x\approx 0.9333$. At $q=0.9$ and $(-0.7,0.7,0.7)$ it finds approximately $-0.0022595$ at $x\approx 1.667$. For the four tested triples with $\alpha =\beta$, the $q=0.5$ grid contains no negative value. These are finite numerical readings.

The supplied literature scope comprises the cited-by works recorded for OpenAlex W2603745271: arXiv:1808.05105 and its 2019 journal version supply no settlement in that scope; DOI 10.1142/s1793042120400187 treats a different q-binomial question. The classical reciprocal Gamma refutations concern $q=1$. No settlement was found in the supplied Formal Conjectures and conjectures.io scope. This bounded search does not establish exhaustive coverage or priority.

Triage

What the settlement shows

• PROVED (D5.S3.Analytic.QGammaTuran.FunctionResult.result): the function clause fails for the displayed constant-sequence example at a point strictly inside the disk of convergence of (16): $0<93/100<3/2\le R_g$. A permitted negative initial shift produces one negative reciprocal q-gamma term before a positive tail; the two shifted products do not preserve the conjectured order.
• COMPUTED: the function clause already fails at $q=1/2$ for $(\mu ,\alpha ,\beta )=(-7/10,3/10,7/10)$, according to the function scan in Evidence.
• COMPUTED: with $\alpha =\beta$, the function scan finds failures at $q=0.9$, whereas its $q=1/2$ grid has no negative value. The tested range and computation details are those in Evidence.
• Consequence in prose of D5.S3.Analytic.QGammaTuran.FunctionResult.witness_negative: at the displayed $q,x$ and $g_n=1$, log-concavity on any interval containing $[-7/10,3/10]$ is impossible. Indeed, $-2/5=(7/10)(-7/10)+(3/10)(3/10)$ and $0=(3/10)(-7/10)+(7/10)(3/10)$. Log-concavity at these convex combinations, with respective weights $3/10$ and $7/10$ on the right endpoint, would give $g(-2/5;x)g(0;x)\ge g(-7/10;x)g(3/10;x)$ after multiplication. The endpoint values are strictly positive by the normalized lower bounds and positive denominators. This contradicts the proved strict reverse inequality. This consequence is not a separate Lean theorem.
• OPEN: log-concavity restricted to nonnegative parameters $\mu$ is not decided by this witness or by the finite scans.
• OPEN: uniform intervals in q, positivity on a whole continuum when $q=1/2$ and $\alpha =\beta$, and the remaining conjectural extensions receive no conclusion from these observations. Theorem 3’s integral-shift statement is outside the example’s parameter choice.

ASSUMED-UNVERIFIED

Exhaustive literature coverage, citation-index completeness and priority are unverified. The bounded literature scope is supplied bibliographic evidence; no current network search is asserted. The finite scan uses truncated products and floating arithmetic, so its readings are not uniform signs on a continuous parameter range.