slug: kaygorodov-martin-gonzalez-viruel-2026-nilpotency-spectrum-conjecture-9
bibkey: kaygorodov2026evolution
doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2610.22248
url: https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.22248v1
triage: theorem
motivation_gids:
  - D5/S3/QuadraticForms/EvolutionAlgebras/NilpotencySpectrumRefutation.result

The ordinary nilpotency spectrum of evolution algebras

Problem

Kaygorodov, Martín González and Viruel, Evolution algebras: a survey of results and a list of open problems, arXiv:2610.22248v1, section 2.3, Conjecture 9 (Spectrum of nilpotency indices), state:

Let $\mathbb{k}$ be an infinite field. An $n$-dimensional nilpotent evolution $\mathbb{k}$-algebra of nilpotency index $k+1$ exists if and only if either $k=2^a$ with $0\le a\le n-1$, or $k$ has at least two non-zero binary digits and $\lfloor {\log }_{2}k\rfloor +s_2(k)\le n-1$, where $s_2(k)$ is the number of non-zero binary digits of $k$.

The whole assertion quantifies over every infinite field $K$, each integer $n\ge 0$ and each integer $k\ge 1$. The algebra is a vector space of dimension $n$ with a $K$-bilinear product and a natural basis satisfying $e_i{e}_j=0$ for distinct indices. No associativity, power-associativity, unit, nondegeneracy, perfectness, nonzero-square or condition on bases of lower-power subspaces is imposed. The source’s section 1.1 defines the ordinary lower powers by

$$A^1=A,A^m=\sum _{i=1}^{m-1}{A}^i{A}^{m-i}(m\ge 2),$$

where a product of subspaces is the linear span of all pair products and the sum is a sum of subspaces. Thus every positive split and every parenthesization is included. Index $k+1$ means $A^{k+1}=0$ and $A^k\ne 0$. The logarithm is its integer floor on positive $k$; all bounds, including $n-1$ at zero dimension, are integer bounds. Neither $k=0$ nor a zeroth power convention can settle this assertion. Both directions and both arithmetic alternatives belong to this one target.

Motivation

The source links binary expansions to degree doubling in natural squares. It explicitly identifies control of cancellations as the obstacle to its necessity argument. An exact ordinary-power certificate can test that restriction without assuming that lower-power subspaces admit natural bases inherited from the algebra.

Gap

The maximal index bound and its attaining family are credited by the survey to its references [30,35]; they do not classify all possible indices. The survey reports finite computations in dimensions at most six and leaves Conjecture 9 open. Its version history lists v1. The bounded arXiv search for evolution algebras with nilpotency or spectrum returned 36 entries; titles of all entries and abstracts of the newest five supplied no prior equivalent whole-question answer. Repository source and all-state issue/PR checks likewise identified no prior equivalent resolution. These checks reuse the source and duplicate assessments attached to research unit #21902; they are not an exhaustive literature or priority census.

Route

Take $A={\mathbb{Q}}^{15}$ with its standard coordinate basis $e_1,\dots ,e_{15}$. Set all mixed products to zero and specify the natural squares, in order, by

$$\begin{array}{rlrlrl}{e}_1^2& =e_2+e_3+e_5,& e_2^2& =-e_4-e_5,& e_3^2& =e_4+e_5,\\ e_4^2& =-e_6-e_8,& e_5^2& =e_6+e_8,& e_6^2& =e_7+e_8,\\ e_7^2& =-e_9-e_{14},& e_8^2& =e_9+e_{14},& e_9^2& =e_{10},\\ e_{10}^2& =e_{11},& e_{11}^2& =e_{12},& e_{12}^2& =e_{13}+e_{14},\\ e_{13}^2& =-e_{15},& e_{14}^2& =e_{15},& e_{15}^2& =0.\end{array}$$

Extend this table bilinearly. The proof uses the following ordered spanning vectors $v_1,\dots ,v_{15}$, which are not claimed to be a natural basis:

$$\begin{array}{c}{e}_1;e_2+e_3+e_5;e_3;e_4+e_5;e_5;e_6+e_8;\\ e_7+e_8+e_9+e_{14};e_8;e_9+e_{14};e_{10}+e_{15};\\ e_{11};e_{12};e_{13}+e_{14};e_{14};e_{15}.\end{array}$$

Their respective weights are

$$(w_1,\dots ,w_{15})=(1,2,1,3,1,5,10,1,15,30,60,120,240,1,255).$$

For each positive $m$, let $F_m$ span the $v_i$ with $w_i\ge m$. The exact product table shows that a product $v_i{v}_j$ is zero or a vector $v_{\ell }$ with $w_i+w_j\le w_{\ell }$. Two span inductions give $F_r{F}_s\subseteq F_{r+s}$ for arbitrary elements. Strong induction over all positive splits gives $A^m\subseteq F_m$. The maximum weight is 255, so $F_{256}=0$ and $A^{256}=0$.

The lower bound uses the degree pairs

$$(1,1),(2,1),(3,2),(5,5),(10,5),(15,15),(30,30),(60,60),(120,120),(240,15).$$

Starting with $v_1=e_1$ and the separate degree-one leaf $v_3=e_3$, the successive outputs are $v_2,v_4,v_6,v_7,v_9,v_{10},v_{11},v_{12},v_{13},v_{15}$. The final monomial has 255 leaves and equals $e_{15}\ne 0$; hence $A^{255}\ne 0$. The ordinary nilpotency index is exactly 256.

At $n=15,k=255$, $k$ is not a power of two, $\lfloor {\log }_{2}255\rfloor =7$ and $s_2(255)=8$. Therefore $7+8=15>14=n-1$. Existence holds while both proposed arithmetic alternatives fail. This permitted rational example refutes the universal iff in its entirety by disproving its necessity direction.

Falsifier

The certificate would fail if the actual bilinear table lacked a natural basis, if the fifteen vectors failed to span, if any product violated its weight bound, if an ordinary positive split were omitted, or if the 255-leaf monomial vanished. The Lean proof discharges these conditions on the explicit algebra. Substituting right powers, plenary powers, sampled vectors or an unproved table assumption would not establish this result.

Evidence

The endpoint is D5/S3/QuadraticForms/EvolutionAlgebras/NilpotencySpectrumRefutation.result, with literal type Not claim. The public definition claim : Prop retains the full universal equivalence. indexExists binds the actual vector space, its module and finite-dimensional structures, bilinear product, finrank, natural basis and consecutive-power conditions. predicted contains both arithmetic alternatives with integer bounds. productSpace and ordinaryPower encode the complete subspace recurrence; product is the actual multiplication on the rational coordinate space.

The private rational_instance supplies a closed witness. The live proof uses power_le_filtration, filtration_mul, the exact product and weight tables, and witness_255; there is no unproved mathematical premise. Finite coordinate normalizations are consumed helpers, not independent results. The accepted axiom closure is contained in propext, Classical.choice and Quot.sound.

The question, terminology and recurrence are attributed to the survey. The concrete algebra, filtration and refutation are project results. The whole-question preregistration and unchanged forecasts identify the external target; this dossier adds no second question.

Triage

• Proved: the rational fifteen-dimensional algebra has $A^{256}=0$ and $A^{255}\ne 0$, so the original universal equivalence is false. A permitted witness suffices to refute it; an all-field construction is unnecessary.
• Proved mechanism: opposing natural-square components cancel in products of the displayed spanning vectors. The checked table nevertheless admits an additive weight filtration and a nonzero monomial with 255 leaves. Thus the proposed binary dimension restriction is not necessary in the original category. The filtration bounds every ordinary split, not only the ten splits used to construct the lower witness.
• Computed exactly within the proof: all ordered spanning-vector products, finite weight implications, reconstruction coordinates and the binary arithmetic at 255. No approximate experiment is a premise.
• Surviving boundary: this result does not disprove the proposed sufficiency direction, prove it, or classify the spectrum. Known maximal-index results quoted by the survey are not contradicted by this example. Their proofs and the source’s low-dimensional observations are not re-established here.
• Unresolved: extensions of this certificate to every infinite field, characteristic restrictions, further dimensions and possible conditions restoring a necessity bound. No positive-sufficiency candidate is used.
• Effect: an argument requiring the proposed necessity cannot take Conjecture 9 as its premise. This refutation supplies no replacement spectrum theorem and settles no other question in the survey.
• Successor suggestions only: determine whether a separately specified restriction on natural-square cancellations restores a binary bound, or whether the rational certificate extends to other fields. Neither is an admitted external question or a separately counted resolution here.

ASSUMED-UNVERIFIED

The checked source, arXiv metadata and repository ownership scope identified no prior equivalent whole answer. Full citation closure, non-arXiv literature, private or unposted results and worldwide priority remain unverified. A verified prior equivalent would exclude new-resolution credit. The mathematical conclusion rests on the closed Lean refutation, not on these bounded absence checks. Independent publication reviews, required CI and merge/dev inclusion are separate delivery obligations.