slug: saied-marshall-anand-rieffel-2025-heralding-rate-monotonicity
bibkey: saied2025photondistillation
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.23.034079
url: https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.14217v4
triage: theorem
motivation_gids:
  - D5/S3/Quantum/FockSpace/IdealHeraldingRateMonotonicity.result

The ideal heralding rate of Fourier photon distillation decreases strictly to 1/4 from n = 5

Problem

J. Saied, J. Marshall, N. Anand and E. G. Rieffel, General protocols for the efficient distillation of indistinguishable photons, Phys. Rev. Applied 23, 034079 (2025), arXiv:2404.14217v4, distill indistinguishable photons with n-photon protocols built from an n × n unitary whose first row is constant (for example the discrete Fourier transform).

• The ideal heralding rate. For such a unitary, h_n(0) = (−1/n)^{n−1}(n − 1)! Σ_{t=0}^{n−1} (n − t)(−n)^t/t! for every n > 2 (Theorem III.5, Eq. (III.9)), and lim h_n(0) = 1/4 (Theorem III.5(2)).
• The conjecture. After a numerical evaluation for every n from 5 to 10⁵ and selected larger n up to 10⁷ (Figure 4): “Conjecture III.7. For n ≥ 5, the sequence h_n(0) monotonically decreases to 1/4.”

The verbatim statements are in the literature note.

Issue #16743 fixes the reading: the conjecture is the statement about the sequence of Eq. (III.9), strict decrease for n ≥ 5 together with the limit 1/4. Its correction comment fixes the transcription of Eq. (III.9) ((n − 1)! multiplies the sum). The conjecture is proved.

Motivation

The heralding rate sets the resource cost of distillation: about n/h_n(0) photons per distilled photon. Monotone decrease to 1/4 gives the uniform bound n/h_n(0) < 4n for every n ≥ 5, so the cost grows at most linearly, with constant 4.

Gap

Issue #16743 records the literature check before any Lean:

• arXiv v1–v4; v4, the published version, states Conjecture III.7 (numbered III.6 in v1–v3);
• Semantic Scholar lists 9 citing works, whose full texts were scanned for the conjecture, monotonicity and the quarter limit; none proves the monotonicity;
• OEIS A277458 (the integers n^{n−1}h_n(0)) gives the asymptotic n^{n−1}/4 but no monotonicity;
• web search returns no settlement;
• the repository had no entry for the paper.

not-found-in-searched-scope.

Route

Write p_n for Eq. (III.9).

1. A finite-interval form. With A_n = n²∫₀¹ (1 − u)u^{n−1}e^{n(u−1)} du and T_n = 2n!e^{−n}/n^{n−1}, p_n = A_n + (−1)^{n−1}T_n and 0 ≤ T_n ≤ 2n e^{−n}. The moments ∫₀¹ u^m e^{a(u−1)} du come from the pinned Mathlib theorem LindemannWeierstrass.integral_exp_mul_eval.
2. One primitive. With r(u) = u e^{u−1} and K(u) = 2(2u − 1)/(1 + u)⁴, the explicit primitive G_n(u) = [n(1 − u)/(1 + u) + 2u/(1 + u)³] u^n e^{n(u−1)} gives A_n = 1/4 + ∫₀¹ K r^n and A_n − A_{n+1} = ∫₀¹ K r^n (1 − r).
3. The gap. The window [1 − 1/n, 1 − 1/(2n)] contributes at least 1/(512n²), and the negative half [0, 1/2] at least −e^{−n}. So p_n − p_{n+1} ≥ 1/(512n²) − (4n + 3)e^{−n}, which is positive for every n ≥ 16, because 512n²(4n + 3) < e^n by induction from n = 16 (with e > 2.7182818283).
4. The finite cases. For 5 ≤ n ≤ 15, the exact rational differences p_n − p_{n+1} are positive.
5. The limit. |A_n − 1/4| ≤ 2/(n + 1), so |p_n − 1/4| ≤ 3/n for n ≥ 16.

Falsifier

The proof would not settle the conjecture if the module’s sequence differed from Eq. (III.9), if the decrease were not strict from n = 5, or if the limit were missing. The module’s pRat is Eq. (III.9) literally in ℚ, p is its real cast, and claim is (∀ n ≥ 5, p (n + 1) < p n) ∧ p → 1/4.

Evidence

The canonical source is D5/S3/Quantum/FockSpace/IdealHeraldingRateMonotonicity.lean (733 lines).

• It defines pRat, p and claim, and proves result : claim.
• It uses pinned Mathlib only: LindemannWeierstrass.integral_exp_mul_eval with Polynomial.sumIDeriv_apply_of_le for the moments, intervalIntegral.integral_eq_sub_of_hasDerivAt for the primitive, Real.one_add_inv_pow_le_exp, Real.exp_one_lt_three and Real.exp_one_gt_d9 for the exponential estimates, Nat.factorial_le_pow, and squeeze_zero' for the limit.
• It uses only the standard axioms propext, Classical.choice and Quot.sound; no sorry, native_decide, or new axiom.
• The escape registration in Reg/D5/S3/Quantum/FockSpace/IdealHeraldingRateMonotonicity.lean reads out the limit value 1/4 of the second conjunct of claim. Its rejected realization, the limit value 0, fails by uniqueness of limits against result. It is declared_validated.

Frozen state: Golden/Frozen/state/D5/S3/Quantum/FockSpace/IdealHeraldingRateMonotonicity.lean.json, statement sha256:2642796792c41c8b2dc589c397310dbc758012d98c63c102c02eeb369783bea5.

Declaration statements:

• result: sha256:65a0e3acd93de1f7a18182590fab8b9fa097037f7cfc668d48200e95ffa3efd0;
• claim: sha256:ad806584fad2c1cb94a04324e3d378de78eecf275b3b236781007ce6c79d31b4.

Triage

Tier 1 conjecture of a 2025 paper, preregistered in issue #16743 before any Lean. theorem; resolution proved.

Every other declaration is a definition used by a public statement or a compiler-generated proof on the proof path of result. The bind-only form is admitted under the open-problem-resolution basis of CLAUDE.md §3.2; no escape witness is claimed. The utility is none. There is no digestion atom.

What the settlement shows

Proved by result: for every n ≥ 5, h_{n+1}(0) < h_n(0), and h_n(0) → 1/4. Hence h_n(0) > 1/4 and n/h_n(0) < 4n for every n ≥ 5.

Computed, not formalized (orchestrator, exact rational arithmetic, 14 October 2026): the decrease holds for every 5 ≤ n ≤ 400 and h_n(0) > 1/4 for every 5 ≤ n ≤ 401, with h₄₀₀(0) − 1/4 = 1.56 × 10⁻⁴; control: h₄(0) = 1/4 < h₅(0) = 33/125, so the decrease starts exactly at n = 5.

Argued, not formalized.

• The mechanism is the kernel representation: A_n − A_{n+1} = ∫₀¹ K r^n(1 − r), where K is negative only on [0, 1/2], where r^n is exponentially small, while near u = 1 the integrand is of order 1/n². The alternating tail T_n is exponentially small, so it cannot reverse the sign for large n; for small n the exact values decide.
• The bound |p_n − 1/4| ≤ 3/n is consistent with the source’s observed asymptotic h_n(0) − 1/4 ∼ 1/(16n), but this settlement does not prove that asymptotic.

Open.

• The asymptotic h_n(0) − 1/4 ∼ 1/(16n) observed in the source.
• The heralding rate under distinguishability errors beyond first order (Theorem III.4 gives h_n(ε) to first order).

Effect on the paper. Conjecture III.7 holds, so the uniform resource estimate n/h_n(0) < 4n holds for every n ≥ 5, without the numerical cut-off of Figure 4.

ASSUMED-UNVERIFIED

The bounded literature check does not establish exhaustive worldwide novelty or priority. The statements in “Computed, not formalized” and “Argued, not formalized” are not formalized.