slug: thanatipanonda-2014-shifted-binomial-power-linearization
bibkey: thanatipanonda2014zudilin
doi: 10.1080/10236198.2014.917635
url: https://arxiv.org/abs/1403.4962v1
triage: theorem
motivation_gids:
  - D5/S3/Combinatorics/BinomialBases/ShiftedBinomialPowerLinearization.result

Thanatipanonda’s shifted binomial power linearization

Problem

T. Thanatipanonda, Beyond Zudilin’s Conjectured q-analog of Schmidt’s problem, arXiv:1403.4962v1, Section 4, Conjecture 4.1, p. 6:

For any integers d, k ≥ 0 and r ≥ 1, there exist integers $a_{d,k,j}^{(r)}$ such that ${\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n+dk}{k}\right)}^r={\sum }_j{a}_{d,k,j}^{(r)}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n+dj}{j}\right)$ for all n = 0, 1, 2, …. Moreover $a_{d,k,j}^{(r)}$ can be defined as following: $a_{d,k,k}^{(1)}=1$, $a_{d,k,j}^{(1)}=0$ for j ≠ k and $a_{d,k,j}^{(r+1)}={\sum }_i{S}_d(k,j,i)a_{d,k,i}^{(r)}$, where, $S_d(k,j,i)$ are integers, independent of r, for all d, k, j, i.

The formal statement uses natural numbers for every nonnegative source parameter and casts binomial values to integers before taking powers. It includes both sentences and proves finite support, at j≤rk for the power coefficients and at j≤i+k for the structure constants.

Motivation

D5/S3/Combinatorics/BinomialBases/ShiftedBinomialPowerLinearization.result proves the quantified claim. For every d,k it supplies one integer-valued function T(j,i), chosen before the power index r, with the required initial row, recursion, support and identity for every natural argument n.

Gap

Issue #12307 preregisters this Tier 1 named external conjecture, its complete quantified statement and the integral unitriangular route. Its literature screen records arXiv v1 as the only source version, Crossref’s citation count of zero, and MathDB problem 327501 with zero solutions. The Semantic Scholar and OpenAlex zero-citation readings in that issue are search-seat reports. These bounded negative findings do not establish worldwide priority.

The checked statement is the arXiv text. The journal DOI identifies the article; retention of Conjecture 4.1 in the unread journal version is ASSUMED-UNVERIFIED.

Route

Write $B_j(n)=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n+dj}{j}\right)$. Vandermonde gives

$$B_t(n)=\sum _{v=0}^t\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{dt}{t-v}\right)\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{v}\right).$$

Its diagonal coefficient is one. Recursively define integer coefficients $W_{t,t}=1$ and, for $j\ne t$,

$$W_{t,j}=-\sum _{v<t}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{dt}{t-v}\right)W_{v,j}.$$

Strong induction proves $W_{t,j}=0$ for j>t and $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{t}\right)={\sum }_{j=0}^t{W}_{t,j}{B}_j(n)$; this is the private content theorem integral_inverse.

The binomial product identity is used locally:

$$\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{p}\right)\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{q}\right)=\sum _{u=0}^p\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{q+u}{p}\right)\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{p}{u}\right)\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{q+u}\right).$$

Substitution of the inverse produces integer T(j,i), independent of n and r, such that $B_k(n)B_i(n)={\sum }_{j=0}^{i+k}T(j,i)B_j(n)$ and T(j,i)=0 for j>i+k. The private content theorem basis_product establishes both clauses. Starting from the Kronecker delta at k, induction on the positive power proves the source recursion and the support j≤rk. Normalization identities are local proof steps; the sole public theorem is result.

Falsifier

An integer d,k,r with r≥1 for which no single integer recursion supports the identity for all natural n would falsify the source statement. The universal Lean theorem excludes such a witness in its formal domain. A different interpretation allowing negative d, nonnatural n, or insisting on nonnegative coefficients is outside the stated conjecture.

Evidence

The kernel-checked result : claim has the standard axiom closure propext, Classical.choice, Quot.sound. Its direct mathematical import is Mathlib.Data.Nat.Choose.Vandermonde; there are no imported D5 prerequisites. The supporting definitions are B, the integer coefficient recursion a and claim; W, S, integral_inverse and basis_product are private.

Triage

Tier 1; Proved; preregistration #12307. Admission basis: open-problem-resolution. The result and the two private content theorems have proof_shape: content. utility: none describes a universal identity and existence proof; no bounded enumeration, checker, numerical reduction or certified instance is delivered.

What the settlement shows

• Proved in this module: the unitriangular Vandermonde expansion has an integral inverse with finite support (integral_inverse, used by result). Division by a diagonal coefficient is unnecessary because that coefficient is one. This mechanism works for every nonnegative d, including d=0, and every k, including k=0.
• Proved in this module: the constructed T(j,i) are integer structure constants for the pointwise product of the B-functions, with support j≤i+k (basis_product, used by result). This product identity is the evaluation form of multiplication in the shifted binomial basis of integer-valued polynomials. The Lean module proves the function identities; an abstract polynomial-ring identification and uniqueness theorem are open formalization candidates.
• Proved in this module: the same T works for every positive power, and the integer coefficients vanish beyond rk (result). Coefficient nonnegativity is not a conclusion or an assumption.
• Open: replacing dj by an arbitrary nonnegative shift f(j), with f:ℕ→ℕ, retains the candidate unitriangular diagonal $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{f(j)}{0}\right)=1$. The inverse and product route suggest the same recursion theorem, but this module formalizes only f(j)=dj. Negative integer shifts would additionally require an integer-argument binomial definition and its Vandermonde bridge; natural-number subtraction is not that extension.
• Open: Conjecture 4.2 asks for holonomicity, and absence of a first-order closed form outside d=0,1, of S_d. Existence of integer structure constants does not establish these claims.
• Proved scope: Conjecture 4.1 supplies the all-d extension that Section 4 formulates after the known d=0,1 cases. The Schmidt and q-analog identities of Sections 2–3 have their own proofs; this settlement changes no hypothesis or proof of those results. Conjecture 4.2 retains its separate mathematical obligations.

ASSUMED-UNVERIFIED

The journal text has not been read. The worldwide absence of a prior proof is not established by the bounded literature screen. The search-seat citation readings and MathDB status are reported in #12307, rather than new kernel facts. Arbitrary shift families, a polynomial-ring API and Conjecture 4.2 are outside the delivered formal theorem.